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Functional MRI in Asperger Syndrome and their relatives
 Mike Lombardo, Bhismadev Chakrabarti, Simon Baron-Cohen, Sally Wheelwright, Rosie Holt, Susan Sadek, Ed Bullmore, John Suckling, Matthew Belmonte, Marie Gomot, Jaclyn Billington, Michael Spencer, Meng-Chuan Lai, Neguine Rezaii
The ARC was the first group to show orbito-frontal and amygdala underactivity in the autistic brain using SPECT (single photon emission tomography) and later fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) during empathy or 'mentalising' tasks. These regions have been recognized to be part of the 'social brain', a network of regions that includes medial prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate, which do not function in the normal way in autism. We have also used fMRI during attentional tasks (such as the Embedded Figures Task in the visual modality or acoustic change-detection tasks in the auditory modality) to reveal the brain basis of the superior attention to detail in autism. Some of these studies have also been conducted in parents or siblings of people with autism, to reveal the genetically-based dimension to these neural differences. Our current studies involve developing new empathy and systemizing tasks for use in neuroimaging to detect key differences between cases and controls, and to use a genetic design to test the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms on brain activity.
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References:
359
C. Ashwin, E. Chapman, L. Colle and S. Baron-Cohen, (2006)
Impaired recognition of negative basic emotions in autism: A test of the amygdala theory
Social Neuroscience 1:349-363
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358
B. Chakrabarti, E. Bullmore and S. Baron-Cohen, (2006)
Empathizing with basic emotions: Common and discrete neural substrates
Social Neuroscience 1:364-384
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355
C. Ashwin, S. Baron-Cohen, S. J. Wheelwright, M. O'Riordan and E. T. Bullmore, (2006)
Differential activation of the amygdala and the ‘social brain’ during fearful face-processing in Asperger Syndrome
Neuropsychologia
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341
M. Gomot, F. A. Bernard, M. H. Davis, M. K. Belmonte, C. Ashwin, E. T. Bullmore and S. Baron- Cohen, (2006)
Change detection in children with autism : an auditory event-related fMRI study
NeuroImage 29:475-495
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317
B. Chakrabarti, L. Kent, J. Suckling, E. Bullmore and S. Baron-Cohen, (2006)
Variations in the human cannabinoid receptor (CNR1) gene modulate striatal responses to happy faces
European Journal of Neuroscience 23(7):1944-8
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324
D. E. Welchew, C. Ashwin, K. Berkouk, R. Salvador, J. Suckling, S. Baron-Cohen and E. Bullmore, (2005)
Functional Disconnectivity of the Medial Temporal Lobe in Asperger’s Syndrome
Biological Psychiatry 57(9):991-998
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137
S. Baron-Cohen, H. Ring, S. Wheelwright, E. T. Bullmore, M. J. Brammer, A. Simmons and S. Williams, (1999)
Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: an fMRI study
European Journal of Neuroscience 11:1891-1898
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120
H. Ring, S. Baron-Cohen, S. Williams, S. Wheelwright, E. Bullmore, M. Brammer and C. Andrew, (1999)
Cerebral correlates of preserved cognitive skills in autism. A functional MRI study of Embedded Figures task performance
Brain 122:1305-1315
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